The Utilization of Laparoscopy In Clinical Practice - A Narrative Review

Review Article

Abstract

Laparoscopic surgery (L/S) is a minimally invasive alternative to traditional laparotomy. It is a diagnostic and therapeutic modality for minor and major surgical procedures. Many procedures traditionally performed using open laparotomy can now be performed laparoscopically. L/S has numerous benefits, including smaller incisions, shorter hospital stays, and shorter recovery times. L/S also allows the surgeon to visualize and magnify the anatomy and existing pathology better.

Laparoscopic procedures during pregnancy have been viewed with controversy because of the idea that laparoscopic techniques may reduce maternal lung compliance, leading to hypoventilation, hypercarbia, fetal acidosis, aortocaval compression, and direct uterine and fetal trauma. The most common indications for laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy are cholelithiasis, appendicitis, persistent ovarian cysts, and adnexal torsion. The problems that the anesthesiologist will encounter in a pregnant patient undergoing laparoscopic surgery are not only maternal and fetal factors and prevention of premature labor but also the physiological and mechanical effects of CO₂ pneumoperitoneum and patient position.

The indications for laparoscopic surgery are the same as for open procedures. L/S aims to perform a surgical procedure similar to the standard technique without opening the peritoneal membrane. Laparoscopy has two absolute contraindications: the patient's inability to tolerate general anesthesia and the surgeon's inexperience and lack of skill in the specific procedure or technique. Laparoscopy reduces morbidity, reduces hospital stay, and improves cosmetic results.